Due to the sublimation and perfection of human knowledge in economics, the concept of efficiency developed in the past two decades and the measurement of it, based on different theories and practice. In economics, efficiency means the maximum of possible output from a certain amount of input. The efficiency is very important for developing countries Because these countries face to a shortage of...

This paper analyses the cognitive image schemas structuring the ontological commitments of dominant conceptions of ethics and economics to show that the content of economics is implicated in conceptions of ethics, and that these conceptions cannot be separated from questions of research and professional ethics. This analysis of the metaphoric structuring of the ontological commitments of ethics...

Health economic evaluations have recently become an important part of the clinical and medical research process and have built upon more advanced statistical decision-theoretic foundations. In some contexts, it is officially required that uncertainty about both parameters and observable variables be properly taken into account, increasingly often by means of Bayesian methods. Among these, proba...

A review of the literature reveals that the concept of diversity (and especially technological diversity) is of considerable general significance in economics. Diversity is variously argued to be a major factor in the fostering of innovation and growth, an important strategy for hedging against intractable uncertainty and ignorance, the principal means to mitigate the effects of 'lock-in' under...

The ongoing industrialization of U.S. agriculture encompasses important changes in farm production practices, in the organization of farm input and output markets, and in the mix of activities carried out by farm operators. These shifts raise important issues for the role of government in the sector and for the design of research and data programs to support public-policy analysis. Basic framew...

I. On individual welfare, 574. II. An overview critique, 576. III. The generalized production possibilities set, 579. IV. Functional imperatives and individual development, 580. -V. Structural operation: Associative, cybernetic, and institutional patterning, 584. VI. Recapitulation, 587. VII. Work, 590. VIII. Technology, 591. IX. Education, 592. X. Consumer sovereignty, 594. XI. Conclusion, 595.