objective: the purpose of this study is to examine the factor structure, internal consistency, and construct validity of preschool, first and second grade versions of berkeley parenting self-efficacy scale. method: the subjects were 317 mothers: (102 mothers of preschool children, 111 mothers of first grade children and 104 mothers of second grade children) who were randomly selected from schoo...

the aim of this study was to evaluate blocked, random, gradual incremental and gradual decremental practice schedules on the acquisition and retention of different types of basketball pass (overhead, hand chest , single arm with dominate hand) in 8-10-year-old girls. for this purpose, 60 female students of second, third and fourth grade of elementary school were voluntarily selected and randoml...

Objective: This study aims to review group learning method effect compared to individual learning method on dyslexic students of second grade in elementary school and it evaluates whether their problem will be solved in group and by other`s help? Thus, two methods of learning- Jigsaw I and Jigsaw II methods -were used to review their effects on improving learning and reading of...

BACKGROUND Little is known about patterns in the transition from healthy weight to overweight or obesity during the elementary school years. This study examined whether there were distinct body mass index (BMI) trajectory groups among elementary school children, and predictors of trajectory group membership. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of 1651 elementary school children with complete...

Students attending schools play an important role in the transmission of influenza. In this study, we present a social network analysis of contacts among 1,828 students in eight different schools in urban and suburban areas in and near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, including elementary, elementary-middle, middle, and high schools. We collected social contact information of...

One of the effects Covid-19 pandemic is recommendation to carry out online learning. This study aims explore constraints faced by teachers, students and parents in implementing learning during pandemic. The method this a qualitative research. respondents were students, from first grade, second third fourth grade fifth at state elementary school Mangunjiwan 2, Demak, Indonesia. data collected us...

The purpose of this study was to improve learning outcomes in grade IV students the Inpres Sermayam 2 Elementary School, Merauke. problem research is how use Visual Media techniques student outcomes. This can be seen from results formative exams 2021/2022 academic year. showed that activities and teachers experienced a significant increase cycle I II. test first action obtained classical comple...

We examined the relationships among intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations, achievement goals, and intelligence beliefs for 202 3rdthrough 8th-grade children from K-8 schools. Analyses of age differences revealed substantial declines in intrinsic – but not extrinsic – motivation with increasing grade level. Intrinsic motivation was associated with mastery goals but unrelated to perfo...