Recent years have seen increased attention paid by geographers to the phenomenon of household waste recycling. Much of this attention by geographers has focused on contemporary recycling, especially contemporary policy and behaviour. This article takes a wider temporal perspective and considers the antecedent ‘National Salvage Campaign’ of the Second World War. It considers the conceptual lesso...

As scholars, it is important to remember our own folly and the cultural biases we may be inadvertently projecting upon our scholarship. Nineteenth century excavators were appalled by piles of charred bones, terracotta and architectural fragments that were found near and in the tombs at Pompeii. It appeared to these excavators that Pompeians neglected their tomb sites and allowed rubbish and tra...

The articles [3], [1], [4], and [2] provide the notation and terminology for this paper. In this paper x, y, X , Y are sets. We introduce G-net structures which are extensions of 1-sorted structure and are systems 〈 a carrier, an entrance, an escape 〉, where the carrier is a set and the entrance and the escape are binary relations. Let N be a 1-sorted structure. The functor echaos(N) yields a s...

Presence of salts in water has been one of the biggest problems of industrial equipment such as evaporators, boilers, and pipes. These salts gradually form scales on evaporators and boilers tubes and reduce their efficiency. Pretreatment processes are conducted to remove these salts; with sedimentation tanks being one of the essential equipment used in these processes. This study numerically si...

Social insect colonies use interactions among workers to regulate collective behavior. Harvester ant foragers interact in a chamber just inside the nest entrance, here called the 'entrance chamber'. Previous studies of the activation of foragers in red harvester ants show that an outgoing forager inside the nest experiences an increase in brief antennal contacts before it leaves the nest to for...