when any extraordinary sacrifice or expenditure is intentionally and reasonably made or incurred for the common safety for the purpose of preserving from peril, the property (ship and cargoes) involved in a common maritime adventure, the interests saved , are required to make contributions in general average to the owner of lost or damaged property . general average rules originates from ancien...

the formulation of global health policy is political; and all institutions operating in the global health landscape are political. this is because policies and institutions inevitably represent certain values, reflect particular ideologies, and preferentially serve some interests over others. this may be expressed explicitly and consciously; or implicitly and unconsciously. but it’s important t...

We use the techniques of Karchmer and Widgerson KW90] to derive strong lower bounds on the expected parallel time to compute boolean functions by circuits. By average time, we mean the time needed on a self-timed circuit, a model introduced recently by Jakoby, Reischuk, and Schindelhauer, JRS94] in which gates compute their output as soon as it is determined (possibly by a subset of the inputs ...

Abstract The term “ q -Rung orthopair fuzzy sets ( $$q^{r}$$ q r OFSs)” refers to the collection of most differentiated ideas for expressing data in decision-making rules. OFSs can gradually adapt region information by adjusting parameter $$q \ge 1$$ ...

Abstract European heatwaves at the 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 $$^\circ$$ ∘ C global warming levels above pre-industrial temperature are examined using bias-corrected daily-mean data from 60 simulations performed with 25 climate models (GCMs). A heatwave event is defined here to ...

Human activities such as burning of fossil fuels play a role in upsetting a previously more balanced and harmonious ecosystem. Climate change-a significant variation in the usual pattern of Earth's average weather conditions is a product of this ecosystem imbalance, and the rise in the Earth's average temperature (global warming) is a prominent evidence. There is a correlation between global wa...