The expansion of wavefront-sensing techniques redefined the meaning of refractive error in clinical ophthalmology. Clinical aberrometers provide detailed measurements of the eye's wavefront aberration. The distribution and contribution of each higher-order aberration to the overall wavefront aberration in the individual eye can now be accurately determined and predicted. Using corneal or ocular...

Early tree life history and demography are driven by interactions with the environment such as seed predation, herbivory, light availability, and drought. For oak (Quercus) in the eastern United States, these interactions may contribute to oak regeneration failure. Numerous studies have examined the impact of individual factors (like seed predation) on the oak regeneration process, but less inf...

Information Retrieval (IR), Information Extraction (IE), and Text Classification (TC) are typically seen as related, but distinct fields. In IR the goal is to return documents relevant to a query, in IE the goal is to return strings representing instances of a particular class or relation, and in TC the goal is to determine to which class a test document belongs. While there are many techniques...

1 Multiple factors are known to influence tree seedling establishment, yet the degree to which these factors depend on each other and on spatial context is largely unknown. We examined the influence of herbaceous competition and water and nitrogen limitations on tree seedling establishment as functions of distance from trees (within-site spatial context) and site history (between-site spatial c...

N-propylsalicylidene based on silica as ion exchanger (IE) was used for the separation by complexation of Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Hg2+, Cr3+, Fe3+, and UO22+ from their parent solutions. IE and its metal complexes are characterized by elemental analysis, electronic and infrared spectra, in addition to thermal analysis in atmospheric pressure. The mode of chelation and the proposed geometric str...

1. Grassland restorations often lack rare forb and grass species that are found in intact grasslands. The possible reasons for low diversity include seed limitation, microsite limitation and a combination of both. Native ungulates may create microsites for seedling establishment in tallgrass prairie restorations by grazing dominant species or through trampling activities, but this has never bee...