We put forward the new abstract framework of hard algebraic set systems that allows to construct e cient chosen-ciphertext secure encryption schemes under computational (rather than decisional) intractability assumptions. Our framework can be instantiated with both RSA and Di e-Hellman type assumptions, but in itself is completely abstract.

We define and discuss symmetric subgroup membership problems and their properties, including a relation to the Decision DiffieHellman problem. We modify the Cramer-Shoup framework, so that we can derive a chosen ciphertext secure cryptosystem in the standard model from symmetric subgroup membership problems. We also discuss how chosen ciphertext secure hybrid cryptosystems based on a symmetric ...

Methods Adult patients diagnosed with migraine without aura who had previously not had prophylactic treatment were recruited from fi ve hospital outpatient departments. They were randomised to two groups in equal numbers: (1) the treatment group had verum acupuncture plus placebo medication and (2) the control group had sham acupuncture plus fl unarizine, a drug recommended as a fi rstline prev...

having curly hair (persian: gīsvari) is one of the obscure and rare concepts in the epics and heroic stories but various texts and particularly some of the non-iranian sources pertaining to this issue could show us some evidenc regarding the ancient descriptions of warriors in indo-european culture. moreover, obstinacy (persian: sar-keshi), as one of the indispensable characters of heros, doesn...

This study is intended to examine the problems of translating texts; it one few studies which tackle translation at a text level, area ignored by many researchers in field. More specifically, investigates achieving cohesion using Arabic conjunction wa و, fa ف and thumma ثُمَّ while texts from English into Arabic. Its population was third-year students who studied Translation courses Faculty Educat...

The success of a humour-generation program is usually assessed by having human judges rate texts. However, there has been little consideration of the patterns shown by such judgements, particularly in terms of consistency. We present two small studies which attempt to gauge the consistency of human judgements about humorous aspects of texts, and discuss some of the methodological issues involved.

There are 13 types of texts in English, but English teachers rarely teach spoof because most more focused on descriptive text, procedure etc. So, students' understanding was very low, even students don’t know what the text is, and they not accustomed to producing texts. The Problem Based Learning approach chosen make it easier for help produce Therefore, this present study aims analyze students...