evaporation from the soil surface has an important role in the water balance model in nature, so that the major part of rain fall and irrigation water in arid and semi-arid regions is lost via evaporation from the soil surface. in such areas, there are some regions with high water table and because of evaporation from the soil surface, salts accumulation also occur in the soil surface. so evapo...

In this paper, we use the generalized differentiability concept tostudy the fuzzy transport equation. We consider transport equationin the homogeneous and non-homogeneous cases with fuzzy initialcondition. We also present the solution when speed parameter is a fuzzynumber. Our method is based on the construction of the solutionsby employing Zadeh's extension principle.

Abstract. The original Budyko–Sellers type of 1D energy balance models (EBMs) consider the Earth system averaged over long times and apply continuum mechanics heat equation. When these more phenomenological box are extended to include time-varying anomalies, they have a key weakness: neither model explicitly nor realistically treats conductive–radiative surface boundary condition that is necess...

We present a new technique for choosing spatial regions for X-ray spectroscopy, called " contour binning ". The method chooses regions by following contours on a smoothed image of the object. In addition we re-explore a simple method for adaptively smoothing X-ray images according to the local count rate, we term " accumulative smoothing " , which is a generalisation of the method used by FADAP...