Gender equality is an idea that is enshrined in the Millennium Development Goals. In order to achieve gender equality, a significant amount of women’s empowerment must occur. Since women’s empowerment is a way out of poverty, many countries have been undertaking tasks to assist women’s ascent in society. One institution that has been established is gender quotas, which allocates seats for women...

This chapter reviews a range of issues relating to tradable carbon dioxide (CO2) emission quotas (TEQs). It considers the economic principles on which they are based, compares them with alternative carbon abatement policies, and reviews many aspects of how tradable quotas would be implemented in practice. Section 2.2 sets the scene, explaining why these issues are on the agenda and how they rel...

This paper first shows that when colleges’ preferences are substitutable there does not exist any stable matching mechanism that makes truthful revelation of preferences a dominant strategy for every student. The paper introduces student types and captures colleges’ preferences for affirmative action via type-specific quotas: A college always prefers a set of students that respects its type-spe...

This paper investigates a study on the efforts made by Iranian government to carry out Kyoto protocol obligations (reducing pollution about 54% 2030). However, devaluation of national currency because sanctions, prohibition transactions, and decrease in oil revenues derivatives has caused problems achieving this goal. Hence, 15 November, 2019, Government decided increase fuel price 300% simulta...

We compare taxes and quotas when firms and the regulator have asymmetric information about the slope of firms’ abatement costs. Damages are caused by a stock pollutant. We calibrate the model using cost and damage estimates of greenhouse gasses. Taxes dominate quotas, as with additive uncertainty. This model with multiplicative uncertainty allows us to compare expected stock levels under the tw...

The prevalence of benthic proliferations of the anatoxin-producing cyanobacterium Phormidium are increasing in cobble-bed rivers worldwide. Studies to date have shown high spatial and temporal variability in anatoxin concentrations among mats. In this study we determined anatoxin quotas (toxins per cell) in field samples and compared these results to the conventionally-used concentrations (asse...