Phenotypic differences in analgesic sensitivity to codeine (3-methoxymorphine) results from polymorphisms in cytochrome P450-2D6, which catalyzes O-demethylation of codeine to morphine. However, O-demethylation reportedly is not required for analgesic activity of the 7,8-saturated codeine congeners dihydrocodeine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone. This study determined the potency and efficacy of the...

This paper proposes a method for optimally dimensioning the components of prosumer energy management system that integrates photovoltaic (PV) panels, multiple bidirectional electric vehicle chargers, an inverter, and battery storage charger. Besides components, it also optimizes power while integrating frequency containment reserve market Li-ion degradation. The results show integration (FCR) c...

We address the problem of controlling a general one-dimensional Itô diffusion within an externally specified bounded interval [A,B] by means of an impulse control process. We minimise a long-term average criterion that penalises deviations of the state process from a given nominal point within this region as well as the use of impulsive control effort. We solve the resulting optimisation proble...

Conventional heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems have traditionally used the temperature and the humidity ratio as the quantitative indices of comfort in a room. Recently, the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration has also been recognized as having an important contribution to room comfort. This paper presents the modeling of an augmented HVAC system including CO2 concentrati...

The conventional generators are equipped with power system stabilizers (PSS) to damp oscillations that follow disturbances. inclusion of renewable energy sources within the existing systems requires further investigations enhance performance PSS. Several control strategies have been being used design In this paper, model predictive (MPC) is investigated be as a It uses numerical optimization al...