The deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap is based on the perforator arteries of the deep inferior epigastric artery. The rectus abdominis muscle provides an excellent myocutaneous flap, either pedicled or free, because of the rich vascularity provided by the epigastric vessels and separation of muscle belly from the surrounding tissue within the rectus sheath. The study was conducted...

Eye muscle fibers can be divided into two categories: nontwitch, multiply innervated muscle fibers (MIFs), and twitch, singly innervated muscle fibers (SIFs). We investigated the location of motoneurons supplying SIFs and MIFs in the six extraocular muscles of monkeys. Injections of retrograde tracers into eye muscles were placed either centrally, within the central SIF endplate zone; in an int...

PURPOSE The authors established a surgical treatment for excyclovertical strabismus in which either the inferior rectus muscle or the superior rectus muscle was transposed diagonally. The effects and the safety of the procedure, called skew transposition, were studied. METHODS Eighteen operations using local anesthesia with eye drops were performed on 17 cases, including 10 with superior obli...

Study design: A quasi-experimental study design Background: The motion of the suboccipital region is controlled by several groups smaller and larger muscle group, these might play a role in development cervicogenic headache. Abnormal tone can lead to abnormal movement patterns resulting altered proprioceptive information from mechanoreceptors this region. Thus, will contribute cervical dysfunct...

This procedure was developed for preservation of the rectus muscle components and deep inferior epigastric vessel after deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap harvesting. A 53-year-old woman with granuloma caused by silicone injection underwent bilateral nipple-sparing mastectomies and immediate reconstruction with "mini-flow-through" DIEP flaps. The flaps were dissected based on the s...

Extraocular muscle (EOM) paths during asymmetrical convergence were evaluated by tri-planar, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the orbits of eight young adults during binocular fixation of a target aligned to one eye at 800 and 15 cm distance. Cross sections and paths of EOMs were determined from area centroids. In convergence, the aligned eye rotated and translated negligibly, wh...