equine influenza is an acute, infectious and highly contagious respiratory disease with worldwide distribution and high morbidity and low mortality. the disease caused by h7n7 and h3n8 subtypes of genus (type) a of influenza virus. the most significant clinical signs of this disease are fever, coughing and nasal discharge. in this study, the presence of antibody against two subtypes of equine i...

Background and Aims: The novel approaches in influenza vaccination have targeted more conserved viral proteins such as nucleoprotein (NP) to provide cross protection against all serotypes of influenza A viruses. Influenza specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are able to lyse influenza-infected cells by recognition of NP, the major target molecule in virus for CTL responses. On the other hand,...

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) affect a wide range of birds and mammals, cause severe economic damage to the poultry industry, and pose a serious threat to humans. Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAI) H5N1 were first identified in Southeast Asia in 1996 and spread to four continents over the following years. The viruses have caused high mortality in chickens and various bird species ...

background: influenza a (h1n1) pandemic is recently threatening the health of world's population. non-pharmaceutical measures are important to prevent the spread of influenza a (h1n1) and to prevent a pandemic. effective influenza pandemic management requires understanding of the factors influencing preventive behavioral changes. this study determined the status of preventive behaviors regardin...

background: the novel influenza a (h1n1) virus was first detected in march 2009 in mexico and then disseminated to many other countries worldwide. in this study, we assessed the potential risk factors of swine flu as well as the most important clinical manifestations of this infectious disease among confirmed cases during early phase of pandemic h1n1. methods: subjects (cases and controls) were...

Background: The main viral causes of acute respiratory diseases (ARDs) include influenza viruses A and B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus (ADV), rhinovirus, and parainfluenza viruses (PIV). This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of respiratory RSV, ADV and rhinovirus in patients with flu-like symptoms admitted to Mazandaran province health centers in north of Iran. Metho...

orthomixoviridae family viruses (influenza viruses) are major cause of death in human with respiratory diseases. although avian influenza in iranian chickens are associated with h9n2 subtype, there was not any study for h9n2 human infection as yet. this investigation conducted to serological study of h9n2 avian influenza infection in different human groups. the number of 334 blood sera includin...

avian influenza virus (aiv) infection is a major cause of bird or human mortality and morbidity, therefore the rapid identification of the virus is of important clinical and epidemiological implication. methods: a multiplex reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) was optimized for the detection of influenza a virus and the h5 and h9 subtypes. the influenza type a specific primers were directed to th...