The notion of strong arcs in a fuzzy graph was introduced byBhutani and Rosenfeld in [1] and fuzzy end nodes in the subsequent paper[2] using the concept of strong arcs. In Mordeson and Yao [7], the notion of“degrees” for concepts fuzzified from graph theory were defined and studied.In this note, we discuss degrees for fuzzy end nodes and study further someproperties of fuzzy end nodes and fuzz...

obtaining informed consents is one of the most fundamental principles in conducting a clinical trial. in order for the consent to be informed, the patient must receive and comprehend the information appropriately. complexity of the consent form is a common problem that has been shown to be a major barrier to comprehension for many patients. the objective of this study was to assess the readabil...

the gastrointestinal stromal tumor (gist) is a rare mesenchymal tumor of gastrointestinal (gi) tract. this tumor has tendency to liver metastasis and peritoneal recurrence, however; the primarily lymph node involvement or metastasis is rare. here we reported a 17-years-old girl with multifocal gastric gist and multiple lymph node involvement at presentation and recurrence in celiac lymph nodes....

The recruitment and counselling of sperm donors raise several ethical issues. The word 'donation' implies no payment and informed consent for donation is essential in respecting the autonomy of the giving party. This implies looking into the motivation of donors and, when accepted, information about the screening and its results. It is a sensitive issue, especially when pathology is uncovered i...

When obtaining samples from biobanks, resolving ethical and legal concerns is a time-consuming task where researchers need to balance the needs of privacy, trust and scientific progress. The Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure-Large Prospective Cohorts project has resolved numerous such issues through intense communication between involved researchers and experts in it...

The current doctrine of informed consent falls far short of its potential to serve as a valuable safeguard for human research subjects. Instead of providing a channel of communication between physician and subject, informed consent is a lifeless entity responsible for a large portion of the misunderstanding existing between these parties. Acknowledging risk perception principles may help transf...

This issue of the Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics highlights the ethical issues that arise when researchers conducting projects in low- and middle-income countries seek to share the data they produce. Although sharing data is considered a best practice, the barriers to doing so are considerable and there is a need for guidance and examples. To that end, the authors of thi...

Research into the effectiveness of epilepsy specialist nursing needs to take into account a number of factors, which have not been adequately addressed in previous studies. Nursing outcome measures are different to medical ones and it is inappropriate to confuse these. Specialist nurses affect the whole culture of a service, and their impact on service quality may go beyond that of their indivi...