OBJECTIVE To review current standards of practice of arthrocentesis and corticosteroid injections in soft tissue and joints in managing common musculoskeletal conditions. To outline common indications, contraindications, and possible complications of these therapeutic modalities and to describe common techniques used in them. QUALITY OF EVIDENCE Many of our recommendations are based on expert...

Spinal pain is an important public health problem affecting the population indiscriminately. The structures responsible for pain in the spine include the vertebrae, intervertebral discs, spinal cord, nerve roots, facet joints, ligaments, muscles, atlanto-occipital joints, atlanto-axial joints, and sacroiliac joints. Even though disc herniation, facet joints, strained muscles, and torn ligaments...

Let X be a smooth aane variety of dimension n > 2. Assume that the group H 1 (X; Z) is a torsion group and that (X) = 1. Let Y be a projectively smooth aane hypersurface Y C n+1 of degree d > 1, which is smooth at innnity. Then there is no injective polynomial mapping f : X ! Y: This contradicts a result of Peretz 5].

CONTEXT Intra-articular injections into the glenohumeral joint are commonly performed by musculoskeletal providers, including orthopaedic surgeons, family medicine physicians, rheumatologists, and physician assistants. Despite their frequent use, there is little guidance for injectable treatments to the glenohumeral joint for conditions such as osteoarthritis, adhesive capsulitis, and rheumatoi...

It is a question he has already posed many times this morning and most of his patients are happy to comply. In fact they expect him to offer an injection and might feel cheated if he did not. This scenario is repeated in urban and rural clinics, in high-tech hospitals, and in shanty pharmacies every day across the globe. The World Health Organization estimates that about 12 billion injections a...

where  is the natural logarithmic base [4]. In counting all injections, we treat extensions as distinct; for example, the function  : {1 2}→ {1 2} with () =  is not the same as the function  : {1 2} → {1 2 3} with () = , nor is it the same as the function  : {1 2 3}→ {1 2 3} with () = . Let  denote the set of all surjections {1     } → {1    } where  ≥ . ...

PURPOSE The intravitreal injection is a minimally invasive technique which has been proved to be an effective therapy in the management of numerous vitreoretinal diseases. Its use has been rapidly increased in the last few years due to new medications and indications. However, non-standardized performance of this procedure might cause severe complications, being of special concern intraocular i...

s reviewed n = 350 Abstracts excluded n = 252s excluded n = 252 Full manuscripts reviewed n = 90 Manuscripts considered for inclusion Systematic reviews = 8 Randomized trials = 20 Observational studies = 30 Full manuscripts not available n = 8 Pain Physician: January/February 2009:12:163-188 170 www.painphysicianjournal.com Randomized Trials Methodologic Quality Assessment Of the 20 randomized ...