With the aim of more emphasis on pragmatics and its inclusion in EFL classrooms, this study attempted to investigate the effectiveness of obtrusive and unobtrusive focus on form instructions on learners’ pragmatic performance of criticizing in English. 54 Iranian learners, all at intermediate level, participated in this study, and they were divided into three groups: 19 participants receiving o...

Science standards across 44 states in the United States are often assumed to be equivalent because they all based on National Research Council’s (NRC) Framework for K-12 Education. Twenty of those adopted Next Generation Standards (NGSS), which is NRC Framework, and 24 other developed their own Framework-based science standards. In this article, two related studies described that focused assess...

How do we learn non-physical properties of physical objects? We explored how the statistical structure of events can be a source of object property learning. Twenty-five participants saw sequences of visual events surrounding two distinct objects. Object identity determined 1) the direction of a high transition probability between two events, and 2) the frequency of two other events. Learning w...