â â â  â  â  abstract â  this paper aims to identify key challenges facing iran and south korea in their bilateral trade and investment relations. in particular, it is concerned with the policy implications which can be useful for policy makers and business people of both countries. for this purpose, we review and analyze the recent developments of the iranian economy and bilateral trade and in...

The literature on the relationship between the size of government and economic growth is full of seemingly contradictory findings. This conflict is largely explained by variations in definitions and the countries studied. An alternative approach – of limiting the focus to studies of the relationship in rich countries, measuring government size as total taxes or total expenditure relative to GDP...

This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF. The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. Revenue authorities (RAs) have been adopted by some countries...

the main purpose of this paper is theoretically to design the optimal intervention in the foreign exchange market in iran, which has not been investigated by previous studies. the economic fundamentals are strongly affected by the optimal foreign exchange intervention, the consistency of foreign exchange intervention with other policies and political authorities' beliefs about the interven...

 Up to now, the impact of real exchange rate on the non-oil exports of Iran has been mainly on focus. However, the more important aspect of the fluctuations in exchange rate is its degree of volatility which can have profound effect on the non-oil exports. Hence, the main objective of this paper is to investigate the linkage between non-oil exports and the real exchange rate volatility for Iran...

The Redistributive Effects of Tax Benefit Systems in the Enlarged EU How do different components of the tax and transfer systems affect disposable income inequality? This paper explores the redistributive effects of different tax benefit instruments in the enlarged EU based on two approaches. Inequality analysis based on the standard approach suggests that benefits are the most important factor...

This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF. The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. Has the VAT proved, as its proponents claim, an especially ef...

In this paper we analyze the implications of demographic shift for an economy’s fiscal sustainability through lens of fiscal space. We formulate a stochastic dynamic general equilibrium, overlapping generations model to measure fiscal space in terms of budgetary room between the current and maximum tax revenues (the peaks of Laffer curves). We calibrate the model to Japan and US data and conduc...