Abstract Will AI-enabled capabilities increase inadvertent escalation risk? This article revisits Cold War-era thinking about to consider how Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology (especially AI augmentation of advanced conventional weapons) through various mechanisms and pathways could affect risk between nuclear-armed adversaries during a crisis or conflict. How might be incorporated into n...

Nuclear deterrence is central to international relations theory and practice. Most people assume that countries must possess nuclear weapons in order to reap deterrence benefits from their nuclear programs. This article shows, however, that latent nuclear powers – nonnuclear states that possess the capacity to make weapons – can deter aggression, despite their lack of assembled warheads. Latent...

It is impossible to forecast the initiation and detailed conduct of a nuclear war. Despite this fact, all nations with nuclear weapons have elaborate plans for the deployment, targeting-and firing-of their warheads. Because of the reality of massiv~ nuclear arsenals, and the unprecedented nature of nuclear conflict, many strategists believe that almost any use of nuclear weapons could escalate ...

this research aims at studying challenges, difficulties and prospects of irans income distribution sector during 2005-2015 by means of an econometric model. the first part of the paper reviews some theories and empirical accomplishments regarding income distribution in national and international levels. the next part of the paper goes through the trends of income distribution and social welfare...

Against the background of increased tensions between West and Russia, this article assesses prospects for continued peace in Europe. The end East-West conflict upended Cold War rules game Europe’s east, creating an enduring source conflict. Balanced against this, however, are a range factors which act as powerful bulwarks war: European balance power best characterised modified bipolarity, pacif...

UNLABELLED PREMISE OF THE STUDY Hyb-Seq, the combination of target enrichment and genome skimming, allows simultaneous data collection for low-copy nuclear genes and high-copy genomic targets for plant systematics and evolution studies. • METHODS AND RESULTS Genome and transcriptome assemblies for milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) were used to design enrichment probes for 3385 exons from 768 ge...

An important source of conflict surrounding nuclear energy is that with a very small probability, a large-scale nuclear accident may occur. One way to internalize the financial risks associated with such an accident is through mandatory liability insurance. This paper presents estimates of the willingness to pay for increased financial security provided by an extension of coverage, based on the...

Despite multiple attempts to infer the higher-level phylogenetic relationships of skipper butterflies (Family Hesperiidae), uncertainties in the deep clade relationships persist. The most recent phylogenetic analysis included fewer than 30% of known genera and data from three gene markers. Here we reconstruct the higher-level relationships with a rich sampling of ten nuclear and mitochondrial m...

This article examines the relationship between political identity and voice through an analysis of conflict between members of the same Native American nation over the development of environmental policy. Grounding this study in the work of Paul Ricoeur and his theory of narrated identity and using Senecah’s “Trinity of Voice” as an organizing analytical framework, I examine communication and n...