I argue that Immanuel Kant's critical philosophy -- in particular the doctrine of transcendental idealism which grounds it is best understood as an `epistemic' or `metaphilosophical' doctrine. As such aims to show how one may engage natural sciences and metaphysics under restriction certain conditions are imposed on our cognition objects. Underlying doctrine, however, ontological posit, a sort,...

this essay, as its title signifies, deals with the relationship between two terms and fields in qajar age: on one hand, the term “constitutionalism” which often used in the field of contemporary “politics” of iran, and the field of “aesthetics” on the other hand.“aesthetics”, in kant 's view, means a system of a priori forms which defines what would expose itself to sensible experience.in ...

n what follows, I shall address the question concerning the ultimate premise of the Transcendental Analytic in Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason. I believe the candidates can be reduced to two dominant but opposing principles, one grounded in immanent time-consciousness and the other in the unity of consciousness. In pursuing this goal, I intend to view consciousness through Leibnizian lenses by f...

ionism. We must review this diagnosis of Kant because the nature of McDowell’s direct realism emerges from his providing a very different reading of Kant on this issue. To understand Sellars’ reading of Kant as espousing a form of the given we must again examine the relationship between intuition and the judgment. As we know, intuitive episodes can be entertained without one making judgments. H...

In What is Philosophy? the distinguished philosopher Dietrich von Hildebrand analyses the datum of knowledge itself in its different forms, from the most casual perception of some object in our naïve experience to "a priori knowledge," taken as consisting of absolutely certain insights into "necessary essences." Plato's central teaching about that kind of human knowledge which transcends the wo...

1. Background. At least from the time of the ancient Greeks, most philosophers have held that some of our knowledge is independent of experience, or “a priori”. Indeed, a major tenet of the rationalist tradition in philosophy was that a great deal of our knowledge had this character: even Kant, a critic of some of the overblown claims of rationalism, thought that the structure of space could be...

Introduction Commenting on Pearson’s Grammar of Science, Peirce says: “Professor Pearson ... tells us that each of us is like the operator at a central telephone office, shut out from the external world, of which he is informed only by senseimpressions.” (CP 8.144). Peirce found such a position untenable. However, this was neither because he believed that senses do not have a role to play in co...

Schopenhauer’s claim that the essence of the world consists in Wille encounters well known difficulties. Of particular importance is the conflict of this metaphysical claim with his restrictive account of conceptuality. This paper attempts to make sense of Schopenhauer’s position by restoring him to the context of post-Kantian debate, with special attention to the early notebooks and Fourfold R...