Abstract The role of EFL lecturers’ first language (L1) in the EFL courses has been an ongoing debate. A monolingual approach to EFL suggests that the use of the target language solely in foreign language (FL) classroom improves learning of the target language. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the attitude of Iranian lecturers and EFL learners towards using L1 as...

Fan & Li (2001) propose a family of variable selection methods via penalized likelihood using concave penalty functions. The nonconcave penalized likelihood estimators enjoy the oracle properties, but maximizing the penalized likelihood function is computationally challenging, because the objective function is nondifferentiable and nonconcave. In this article we propose a new unified algorithm ...

The backgrounds of patients undergoing lower limb amputation (LLA) have recently changed dramatically. From the 1970s to the 1990s, the main reason for LLA was traumatic injury.1–3) However, peripheral vascular disease (PVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) have emerged as major causes of LLA. In recent studies, PVD and DM accounted for 61.0%–92.5% of LLAs.1–4) Previous studies have also reported hig...

This study was conducted to identify the Malay language learning strategies (MLLS) and frequency through skill use among Chinese students in Muar, Johor. aimed investigate relationship of (LLS) by attitude. A total 181 form 4 selected for this study. The sample selection random. research uses a questionnaire as major tool gather information about strategies. instrument Likert scale 1 5. Data we...

gaining insights into the learners’ individual characteristics such as beliefs about language learning and their relationship with learning strategies is essential for planning effective language instruction. thus, the present study investigated the relationship between beliefs about language learning and learning strategy use in iranian high school students. this study also compared the correl...

Abstract The role of EFL lecturers’ first language (L1) in the EFL courses has been an ongoing debate. A monolingual approach to EFL suggests that the use of the target language solely in foreign language (FL) classroom improves learning of the target language. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the attitude of Iranian lecturers and EFL learners towards using L1 as...

since motion verbs of russian language is one of those complex issues in russian language syntax, iranian students who are learning russian language face problems when learning this grammatical category. these problems in learning appear in two stages. a)the stage of learning and understanding the meaning of these verbs in the russian language itself; b) the stage of transition of these verbs f...

We clarify the significance of total mesorectal excision (TME), lateral lymphadenectomy (LLA), and of autonomic nerve preservation (ANP) compared to conventional surgery (CVS), for lower rectal cancer. All 458 patients curatively resected between 1962 and 1997 were retrospectively investigated. In Period I from 1962-1974, when CVS only was performed, in Period II from 1975-1984, TME or TME + LL...