Besides being a metabolite of nucleotides like ATP, adenosine is a mediator of neuronal function in the central nervous system. Its actions are mediated by at least three extracellular receptors. In this review different aspects of adenosine such as biosynthesis, release, inactivation and its receptors are discussed. It also covers pre- and postsynaptic effects as well as postreceptor mecha...

Introduction: Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) are members of pattern recognition receptors that recognize various molecules, including pathogen-associated molecular patterns and dead-associated molecular patterns. These receptors are expressed by immune, non-immune, and tumor cells. Some TLRs are implicated in tumor progression, while others are involved in tumor suppression. Our study aimed to eval...

Using voltage-clamp procedures on Xenopus oocytes, agonist-evoked ionic currents by P2X receptors resulting from the coexpression of P2X(2) and P2X(3) subunits were compared against the agonist responses of homomeric P2X(2) and P2X(3) receptors. With the quantity of P2X(3) mRNA kept constant and quantity of P2X(2) mRNA progressively increased, expressed P2X receptors changed from a P2X(3)-like ...

This has led to the identification of several important roles for Toll receptors in mammals. This unit discusses mammalian Toll receptors (TLR1-10) that have an essential role in the innate immune recognition of microorganisms. Also discussed are TLR-mediated signaling pathways and antibodies that are available to detect specific TLRs.

Objective(s): Stress alters sensory and cognitive function in humans and animals. Angiotensin (AT) receptors have demonstrated well-established interactions in sets of physiological phenomena. AT1 receptors can play a part in stress-induced activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; besides angiotensinergic neurotransmission plays a pivotal role in stress-evoked physiological resp...