Because the dawning of the era in which interventions for congenital heart disease (CHD) became possible, the primary intellectual framework undergirding pediatric cardiology and cardiothoracic surgery has been based on morphology and hemodynamics (henceforth, the M/H model). This model has been wildly successful, enabling practitioners to devise creative interventions for even the most complex...

This paper looks at the patterns of causation between income, export, import, and investment growth for 39 developing countries. Our approach di®ers from previous e®orts in a number of ways. First, we examine each country individually in order to allow for complete heterogeneity. Second, we apply novel model selection techniques which are based on in-sample goodness-of̄t criteria and ex-ante pre...

Abstract Over the last 300 years, into -causative ( he talked his father giving him money ) increased in frequency and lexical diversity. Changes of this kind are often taken as evidence functional expansion. From a Construction Grammar (CxG) perspective, paper argues that what appears to be loss restrictions on verbal slot results from changes argument mapping links. As construction provides r...

Abstract In recent years, biologists and philosophers of science have argued that evolutionary theory should incorporate more seriously the idea ‘reciprocal causation.’ This notion refers to feedback loops whereby organisms change their experiences environment or alter physical properties surroundings. these loops, in particular niche constructing activities are central, since they may selectio...

OBJECTIVES The lower mortality rate of obese patients with heart failure (HF) has been partly attributed to reverse causation bias due to weight loss caused by disease. Using data about weight both before and after HF, this study aimed to adjust for reverse causation and examine the association of obesity both before and after HF with mortality. METHODS Using the Atherosclerosis Risk in Commu...

This paper introduces a causation coefficient which is defined in terms of probabilistic causal models. This coefficient is suggested as the natural causal analogue of the Pearson correlation coefficient and permits comparing causation and correlation to each other in a simple, yet rigorous manner. Together, these coefficients provide a natural way to classify the possible correlation/causation...

determination of the amount of sugar in sugar beet is usually accomplished by polarimetric method in sugar industry. this method is not accurate due to impurities such as sodium, potassium and amino-nitrogen that are present and might cause some errors in the evaluation of the technical quality of sugar beet. in this research, 7309 samples of sugar beet from two semi- arid county, isfahan and c...

This thesis describes a framework for designing emergent behaviour. The framework is comprised of a simulation architecture, a rule migration process, and a rule combination language. Desired emergent behaviour is specified using a multi-level model which describes the behaviour at the appropriate level in the emergence hierarchy, using downward causation if appropriate. The rule migration proc...