The tissue microenvironment directs stem/progenitor cell behavior. Cancer cells are also influenced by the microenvironment. It has been shown that, when placed into blastocysts, cancer cells respond to embryonic cues and differentiate according to the tissue type encountered during ontological development. Previously, we showed that the mouse mammary gland was capable of redirecting adult mous...

Background: Sub-clinical mastitis is an inflammation of mammary glands which is a big economic damage. Treatment of this disease isn’t recommended due to antibiotic residue in milk. Objective: In this study, clinical efficacy of - Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil (ZMBeo) in treatment of sub-clinical mastitis was evaluated and other expedients were prepared. Methods: Thirty Holsteins cow...

The mammary glands develop initially as buds arising from the ventral embryonic epidermis. Recent work has shed light on signaling pathways leading to the patterning and formation of the mammary placodes and buds in mouse embryos. Relatively little is known of the signaling pathways that initiate branching morphogenesis and the formation of the ducts from the embryonic buds. Previous studies ha...

Early full-term pregnancy affords lifetime protection against the development of breast cancer. Parityinduced protection can be reproduced in a carcinogeninduced rat mammary carcinoma model, but the molecular mechanisms of this protection against carcinogenic stimuli in rat mammary glands have not been fully characterized. To gain a better understanding of these molecular mechanisms, we used an...

The influence of caffeine consumption on the development of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinomas in BD2F1 female mice and spontaneous mammary carcinomas in nulliparous C3H mice was examined. Caffeine (250 and 500 mg/liter of drinking water) was administered to BD2F1 mice commencing 1 week after a series of 6 weekly 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene intubations, until experimen...

In mice, ®ve pairs of mammary glands are distributed in a cranial to caudal sequence on the ventral body wall starting slightly anterior to the forelimbs and extending to the hindlimbs. Little is known about the inductive signals that initiate mammary gland formation and patterning. Mammary glands develop during embryogenesis as a result of reciprocal epithelial±mesenchymal interactions (Cunha ...

Breast milk is a complex biological fluid. Additionally to its nutritional impact, it contains diverse bioactive elements related early metabolic programming and molecular structures, such as microRNA the epigenetic signaling process. Now, we know that human not sterile significant diversity of microorganisms bacteria (bacterioma), viruses (viroma) fungi (mycobiome), all which integrate concept...

backgrounds: evidence is accumulating to support disruption of tissue architecture as a powerful event in tumor formation. for the past four decades, intensive cancer research with the premise of “cancer as a cell based-disease” focused on finding oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. however, the role of the tissue architecture was neglected. three dimensional (3d) cell cultures which can recap...

objective: to review her-2/neu and tp53 status and their correlation with all other prognostic clinicopathologic features of infiltrative ductal breast carcinomas. materials and methods: this cross sectional study was performed on 139 patients with infiltrative ductal breast carcinoma who were diagnosed between may 2000 and march 2006 at the surgery and pathology departments of alzahra hospital...

Mammary cancer is the third most common cancer in the cat. The average age of cats presenting with mammary tumors is 10-12 years. Siamese cats appear to have twice the risk of developing mammary cancers than other breeds. Recent studies suggest that spayed female cats have a 40-60% lower risk of mammary cancer than intact females. There is a strong association with the use of synthetic progesti...