Psychiatric advance directives (PADs) are legal documents that allow individuals to express their wishes for future psychiatric care and to authorize a legally appointed proxy to make decisions on their behalf during incapacitating crises. PADs are viewed as an alternative to the coercive interventions that sometimes accompany mental health crises for people with mental illness. Insofar as coer...

Orientation tuning has been studied extensively in the visual system, but little is known about it in the somatosensory system. Here we investigate tuning in the second somatosensory (SII) region using a motorized stimulator that presented a small oriented bar to the 12 finger pads of digits 2-5 (D2-D5) of the macaque monkey. A subset (23%; n = 218) of the 928 SII region neurons [the same 928 n...

Psychiatric advance directives (PADs) were introduced in the 1980s as legal instruments for psychiatric patients to retain some choice over their own mental health treatment during periods of decisional incapacity. However, PADs are nested in larger structures of mental health law and policy that protect the interests of parties other than the patient, and which, in situations of conflict invol...

We prove the following property for safe marked graphs, safe conflict-free Petri nets, and live and safe extended free-choice Petri nets. We prove the following three results. If the Petri net is a marked graph, then the length of the shortest path is at most (|T |−1)·|T |/2. If the Petri net is conflict free, then the length of the shortest path is at most (|T |+1)·|T |/2. If the Petri net is ...

Augmented marked graphs possess some special characteristics desirable for the analysis and modelling of shared-resource systems. This paper investigates the composition of augmented marked graphs via common resource places, with a focus on preservation of liveness, boundedness, reversibility and conservativeness. It is then applied to system integration, where system components are specified a...

A group-labeled graph is a graph whose vertices and edges have been assigned labels from some abelian group. The weight of a subgraph of a group-labeled graph is the sum of the labels of the vertices and edges in the subgraph. A group-labeled graph is said to be balanced if the weight of every cycle in the graph is zero. We give a characterization of balanced group-labeled graphs that generaliz...

In Drosophila, the development of the midline cells of the embryonic ventral nerve cord depends on the function of the bHLH-PAS transcription factor Single-minded (Sim). The expression domain of sim, however, is also found anterior and posterior to the developing ventral cord throughout the germ band. Indeed, mutations in sim were identified based on their characteristic cuticle phenotype. Eigh...

Experiments were conducted to redirect mouse Embryonic Stem (ES) cells from a tumorigenic phenotype to a normal mammary epithelial phenotype in vivo. Mixing LacZ-labeled ES cells with normal mouse mammary epithelial cells at ratios of 1:5 and 1:50 in phosphate buffered saline and immediately inoculating them into epithelium-divested mammary fat pads of immune-compromised mice accomplished this....

BACKGROUND Foam pads are increasingly used on force platforms during balance assessments in order to produce increased instability thereby permitting the measurement of enhanced posturographic parameters. A variety of foam pads providing different material properties have thus been used, although it is still unclear which characteristics produce the most effective and reliable tests. Furthermor...

The electronic relaxation dynamics of water cluster anions, (H(2)O)(n)(-), have been studied with time-resolved photoelectron imaging. In this investigation, the excess electron was excited through the p<--s transition with an ultrafast laser pulse, with subsequent electronic evolution monitored by photodetachment. All excited-state lifetimes exhibit a significant isotope effect (tau(D)2(O)/tau...