BACKGROUND Existing surgical innovation frameworks suffer from a unifying limitation, their qualitative nature. A rigorous approach to measuring surgical innovation is needed that extends beyond detecting simply publication, citation, and patent counts and instead uncovers an implementation-based value from the structure of the entire adoption cascades produced over time by diffusion processes....

The universities are the main source of national and regional scientific and technical innovation. Furthermore, universities’ scientific and technological innovation ability determines a country or regional scientific and technological developing level. How to evaluate the innovation and performance of the universities is still unsolved currently. In this paper, the indexes for evaluating the i...

Growing interest worldwide to boost innovation in business sector activities, especially the technology, is intended to maintain or increase national economic competitiveness, inclusively as an effect of awareness concerning the effects resulting from economic activity on consumption of resources and environment, which requires design of new patterns of production and consumption. In this paper...