Human ability to manipulate fire and the landscape has increased over evolutionary time, but the impact of this on fire regimes and consequences for biodiversity and biogeochemistry are hotly debated. Reconstructing historical changes in human-derived fire regimes empirically is challenging, but information is available on the timing of key human innovations and on current human impacts on fire...

For many centuries, the settlements had a fairly uniform image, which was result of use local materials, technology and economic condition population. With development construction profession improvement material conditions, building materials also began to change, market supply has diversified, led changes in appearance buildings. The roof, known as fifth facade, affects external image settlem...

* Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. We present the application of our knowledge visualization tool, VxInsight, to enable domain analysis for science and technology management within the enterprise. Data mining from sources of bibliographic information is used...

A variety of methods are developed for characterising the free energy landscapes of continuum, Landau-type free energy models. Using morphologies of lipid vesicles and a multistable liquid crystal device as examples, I show that the methods allow systematic study of not only the most relevant minimum energy configurations, but also the transition pathways between any two minima, as well as thei...

The standard view that creativity entails both originality and appropriateness leads to the paradox that experts who converge on one optimal solution are rated as no more creative than beginners who give many original solutions. This paper asserts that there is no one-size-fits-all definition of creativity; creativity must be assessed relative to the constraints and affordances of the task. The...

T community-based model for software development in open source environments is becoming a viable alternative to traditional firm-based models. To better understand the workings of open source environments, we examine the effects of network embeddedness—or the nature of the relationship among projects and developers—on the success of open source projects. We find that considerable heterogeneity...

In this paper we develop a transaction cost perspective of the computer industry evolution and standardization processes in order to evaluate the future of the open source software (OSS) movement, particularly with regard to how the involvement of firms--as opposed to individuals--will shape its direction. For this purpose we define two types of transaction costs related to coordinating the dev...

Landscapes’ theory provides a formal framework in which combinatorial optimization problems can be theoretically characterized as a sum of a especial kind of landscape called elementary landscape. The elementary landscape decomposition of a combinatorial optimization problem is a useful tool for understanding the problem. Such decomposition provides an additional knowledge on the problem that c...

Humanity shapes freshwater flows and biosphere dynamics from a local to a global scale. Successful management of target resources in the short term tends to alienate the social and economic development process from its ultimate dependence on the life-supporting environment. Freshwater becomes transformed into a resource for optimal management in development, neglecting the multiple functions of...