The paper examines the rise and fall of Golden Triangle opium-producing region, by focusing on local economic social conditions, as well international factors that have affected opium production in Myanmar (formerly Burma), Laos, Thailand. By 1970, countries produced 70 percent world’s opium, but even late 1990s, figure remained 66 percent, only today has region become less significant, a resul...

BackgroundOpium consumption has recently been identified as a carcinogen, but the impact of opium use on cancer burden is unknown. We aimed to evaluate fraction cancers that could be attributed alone and in combination with cigarette smoking region where widely used.Methods50,045 Iranian adults were recruited this prospective cohort study between 2004 2008 followed through January 2022. assesse...

Dear Editor, Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most frequent complications after cardiac surgery. It occurs in approximately 20% to 35% of patients after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and in more than 50% of patients after valve surgery (1). AF after cardiac surgery is a major cause of patients’ morbidity and mortality. Moreover, it can prolong hospitalization and increase he...

In a previous paper (1928) the senior author stated that addiction to purified alkaloids of opium was a rare occurrence in India. In western countries morphine and of late years codeine and heroin also have been extensivelyused. In view of the fact that habitual use of alkaloids, such as cocaine, is being gradually introduced into India from these countries and from the Far East, the Drug Addic...

Objectives: High prevalence of stimulants use –especially crystalline methamphetamine (crystal meth)-, which required extensive medical and rehabilitation interventions is a major problem in Iran’s health care system. Main objective of the current study was to compare social, economic and cultural factors associated with female’s tendency toward use of two main types of drugs including opium an...

The extremely large collection of objects brought from Beijing to Ljubljana in 1920 by naval officer Ivan Skušek Jr. and his Japanese wife Tsuneko Kondo Kawase, also includes several opium pipes, a few lamps some other related use. are exquisitely decorated with complex motifs. While this is the main topic, paper aims add context specific aesthetic explore cultural framework which import these ...

BACKGROUND Myocardial infarction (MI) is a heart condition caused by the suspension of blood circulation in a part of the myocardium. There are different risk factors contributing to a heart attack. Some believe that endorphins and endogenous opioids play an important role in causing MIs. OBJECTIVES This study intended to determine the relationship between opium dependency and mortality rate ...

BACKGROUND Chronic opioid treatment in animal models has shown to alter hematological parameters. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological effects of opium on the number of peripheral blood cells and red blood cells (RBCs) indices in diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peripheral blood samples were collected from diabetic, opium-addicted, diabetic opium-addicted and ...

BACKGROUND Due to this belief that opium may have beneficial effects on diabetes or cardiovascular risk factors, the present study aimed to assess the potential and possible effects of opium consumption on diabetes control and some cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic patients. METHODS This study enrolled 374 diabetic subjects from diabetes care centers in Kerman, Iran, including opium use...

BACKGROUND Postoperative cognitive dysfunction, especially delirium commonly occurs after cardiac surgery. Clinical evidences suggest an increase in delirium in opium abusers after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) surgery. In this study, the prevalence of delirium in addict (opium user) and nonaddict patients after CABG were compared. METHODS In a cross-sectional study after obtaining inst...