in the present study, interactions between lead exposure with nitric oxide precursor (l-arginine) or nitric oxide synthase (nos) inhibitor (l-name) on naloxone-induced jumping and diarrhea in morphine-dependent mice were examined. chronic lead acetate (0.05%) exposure altered naloxone-induced jumping and diarrhea in mice. jumping was decreased after 7 days and was unchanged 14 and 28 days after...

Introduction: Amongst the medications to reduce pain, morphine as an important natural and tramadol as an important synthetic drug have been mostly considered. There are few studies on the comparison of the analgesic effect of these drugs in neonatal and perpubertal periods. Methods: Neonate rats (n=49) were randomly divided into three groups. On postnatal days 8-14, one group received s...

When rats are forced to drink a morphine solution as their only source of fluid, they eventually reverse their initial preference and drink more morphine than water in a two-bottle preference test. The cause of this shift in preference was examined with the taste reactivity test which involves the analysis of fixed action patterns elicited by taste solutions infused into rats' mouths. Three mor...

BACKGROUND Oral opioid formulations contribute to postoperative analgesia. In this study, we evaluated the perioperative application of oral controlled-release oxycodone to reduce postoperative IV morphine consumption and opioid side effects after lumbar discectomy. METHODS Forty patients scheduled for elective lumbar discectomy over 1 or 2 levels were included in this prospective, randomized...

When given in single doses to healthy volunteers, opioid analgesics impair reaction time, muscle coordination, attention, and short-term memory sufficiently to affect driving and other skilled activities. Despite the increasing use of oral morphine daily, little is known about the effect of long-term opioid therapy on psychomotor performance. To examine the effects of continuous morphine medica...

Bone fractures usually happen during car accident and sport trauma. Different factors influence bone healing such as malnutrition and smoking. Apart from addiction which is an important individual, social, and cultural problems morphine has several effects on body physiology and immune system .This study is performed to assess the effect of morphine dependency on bone healing and has not been r...

Clinical studies report a low incidence of intestinal side effects with transdermally administered fentanyl (TTS-fentanyl) in comparison with oral morphine. To support these clinical data, analgesic and intestinal effects of both opioids were compared in rats. After subcutaneous injection, analgesia in the tail withdrawal reaction test was obtained at a peak effect dose of 0.032 mg/kg with fent...

To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of oxycodone in cancer-related pain, we conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Four studies, comparing oral oxycodone with either oral morphine (n = 3) or oral hydromorphone (n = 1), were suitable for meta-analysis. Standardized mean differences in pain scores comparing oxycodone with control groups were pooled using random-effec...