the theory of efficient breach states that it is socially useful to breach a contract whenever the breach would leave no party worse off, while leaving at least one party better off. in other words, economic analyses of breach are mainly concerned with situations in which breach is pareto-superior, rather than just overall profit-maximizing. in contrast with moral theories that hold that breach...

Substitution of motives improved by judicial case laws, can be explained as the administrative bodies examining annulment actions, not rescinding action according to another motive they have determined during trial, although that on which administration bases its action, is unlawful. The substitution discussed in both practice and doctrine from various aspects, will studied terms equality arms ...

Moving beyond a unitary actor assumption that models members of a self-evidently collective entity such as a political party “as if” they all shared a single brain, this paper explores the cohesion and discipline of party legislators in multi-party systems operating under the constitutional rules of parliamentary government. We do this in the context of Italian politics, for which a consistent ...

Currently proliferating alternative action organizations, such as food cooperatives, solidary agriculture, repair cafes, or DIY initiatives, pursue social transformation at a deliberate distance fr...

abstract the feminist movement in the united states like other countries has tried to establish equality for women. from the first attempts to gain constitutional right for vote, up to the current radical demands, feminists have struggled to make changes in the u.s. party politics and obtain their rights within the parties. one of the important issues in which women played a key role in party p...

Young children enforce social norms from early on, but little research has examined how this enforcement behaviour emerges. This study investigated whether observing an adult's norm enforcement influences children's own enforcement of that norm compared with observing an action demonstration without enforcement. Additionally, children experienced enforcement either following their own (second-p...

Abstract Fridays for Future has risen as a new environmental movement pushing politicians to take action against climate change. However, its interaction with other political actors, most importantly parties, hardly been addressed systematically by scientific research. In this article, we stock of party reactions the on national and subnational level in Germany. Furthermore, investigate possibl...