Let p be a fixed prime number. Throughout this paper, the symbols Z, Zp, Qp, and Cp denote the ring of rational integers, the ring of p-adic integers, the field of p-adic rational numbers, and the completion of algebraic closure of Qp, respectively. Let N be the set of natural numbers, and Z N ∪ {0}. Let νp be the normalized exponential valuation of Cp with |p|p p−νp p p−1 see 1–24 . Let UD Zp ...

Issues around water – its quality, use, availability and environmental value – can be a major point of tension between mineral projects and local communities. Failure to manage these issues appropriately can jeopardise the obtaining of regulatory approvals for new projects and place at risk the ‘social licence to operate’ of existing operations. Conversely, there may also be significant opportu...

This paper explores the idea that a proper valuing of natural environments is essential to (and not just a natural basis for) a broader human virtue that might be called ʻappreciation of the goodʼ. This kind of valuing can explain, without any commitment to a metaphysics of intrinsic values, how and why it is good to value certain natural phenomena for their own sakes. The objection that such a...

A new method for estimating the demand curve for publicly supplied goods when quantities are restricted to a few discrete levels is introduced. The method involves fitting a conditional logit model to choices from a set of survey options in which price and quantity are both varied and consumer attitudes are explicitly controlled. The estimated parameters of the valuation function serve to trace...

No issue has been the subject of greater debate among both practicing and academic accountants than asset valuation (and hence income measurement). The debate on this issue has been going on for over 50 years (e.g., Paton [1922] and Canning [1929]) and, at times, at a high level of intensity. The primary issue is whether historical cost of assets should be adjusted for price changes and, if so,...

...................................................................................... 5 I. Environmental values and valuation approaches........... 7 1. The economic concept of environmental value .................... 7 2. Willingness-to-pay and willingness-to-accept ...................... 8 3. Classifying environmental values ......................................... 9 4. Valuation approaches...

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Keywords: Valuation independence Generalized series fields Fields of Puiseux series Restricted exponential function We investigate valued fields which admit a valuation basis. Given a countable ordered abelian group G and a real closed or algebraically closed field F with subfield K , we give a sufficient condition for a valued subfield of the field of gene...

The concept of fuzzy random variable has been applied in several papers to model the present value of life insurance liabilities. It allows the fuzzy uncertainty of the interest rate and the probabilistic behaviour of mortality to be used throughout the valuation process without any loss of information. Using this framework, and considering a triangular interest rate, this paper develops closed...

Given a valuation on the function field k(x, y), we examine the set of images of nonzero elements of the underlying polynomial ring k[x, y] under this valuation. For an arbitrary field k, a Noetherian power series is a map z : Q → k that has Noetherian (i.e., reverse well-ordered) support. Each Noetherian power series induces a natural valuation on k(x, y). Although the value groups correspondi...