In this paper, a complete review of published researches about hierarchical facility location and hub network problems is presented. Hierarchical network is a system where facilities with different service levels interact in a top-down way or vice versa. In Hierarchical systems, service levels are composed of different facilities. Published papers from (1970) to (2015) have been studied and a c...

The term NeuralODE describes the structural combination of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and a numerical solver for Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE), former acts as right-hand side ODE to be solved. This concept was further extended by black-box model in form Functional Mock-up Unit (FMU) obtain subclass NeuralODEs, named NeuralFMUs. resulting structure features advantages first-princ...

This paper describes an evolutionary search method known as the genetic algorithm (GA) and examines its application to real-world problems. A description of the algorithm itself and its history is provided. A general review of GA theory and analysis is given, and many of the newer, more advanced types of GA are introduced. Some of the hundreds of different applications tackled by GAs are then d...

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Real world networks exhibit rich temporal information: friends are added and removed over time in online social networks; the seasons dictate the predatorprey relationship in food webs; and the propagation of a virus depends on the network of human contacts throughout the day. Recent studies have demonstrated that static network analysis is perhaps unsuitable in the study of real world network ...

In robotics, the ultimate goal of reinforcement learning is to endow robots with the ability to learn, improve, adapt and reproduce tasks with dynamically changing constraints based on exploration and autonomous learning. We give a summary of the state-of-the-art of reinforcement learning in the context of robotics, in terms of both algorithms and policy representations. Numerous challenges fac...

Many images are received for distribution and reproduction without the possibility of a comparison to the source image. Image quality is difficult to measure and quantify without such a source image. However, test photographs consisting of memory colors can be compared to a remembered image. Test forms consisting of photographs of the real world are the only source of memory colors. They are us...