Reasoning processes allow the human cognitive system to go beyond the information readily available in the environment. This review focuses on the processes of human thinking, including deductive reasoning, induction, mental simulation, and analogy. We survey recent trends across several areas, including categorization, mental models, cognitive development, and decision making. Our chief organi...

I explain the difficulty of making various concepts of and relating to probability precise, rigorous and physically significant when attempting to apply them in reasoning about objects (e.g., spacetimes) living in infinite-dimensional spaces, working through many examples from cosmology. I focus on the relation of topological to measure-theoretic notions of and relating to probability, how they...

In theories of closed oriented superstrings, the one loop amplitude is given by a single diagram, with the topology of a torus. Its interpretation had remained obscure, because it was formally real, converged only for purely imaginary values of the Mandelstam variables, and had to account for the singularities of both the box graph and the one particle reducible graphs in field theories. We pre...

“Bazaar” is a Persian word from the language of Iranians of 2500 years ago which has entered the languages of other countries. “Bazaar”, the trading or marketing place with the architectural principles and concerns, was formed in Iran because of the long experience of marketing. This has become a valuable inheritance of Islamic ideological civilization and Iranian advanced architecture and a mo...

Binaural beats utilize a phenomenon that occurs within the cortex when two different frequencies are presented separately to each ear. This procedure produces a third phantom binaural beat, whose frequency is equal to the difference of the two presented tones and which can be manipulated for non-invasive brain stimulation. The effects of binaural beats on working memory, the system in control o...

conclusions due to the correlation between strategic thinking and productivity, we recommend educating and training managers in the use of strategic thinking, and that they understand its importance to productivity. managers should understand that increasing efficiency in a competitive environment today is a necessity for survival. background using different methods of strategic thinking is ess...

background: one of the main goals of nursing education is training them to provide proper medical services to patients as well as healthy people in the community and health centers using their knowledge and specific skills. this service requires nurses’ critical thinking and effective learning. the purpose of this study was to determine the impact of critical thinking skills on decision making ...