The objective of this article is to clarify the extent and the conditions under which the European Dnion (ED) induces changes in the policy arrangements of its member states. For an accurate measurement of our dependent variable, we distinguish between ED-induced policy expansion and ED-induced policy dismantling. We argue that the extent to which European requirements lead to an expansion or d...

Regulation and other forms of public policy toward infrastructure industries were and are designed to support the necessary large-scale investment. Throughout history, with few exceptions, rather pragmatic approaches guided policies. A more rigorous lens was only applied more recently although it often focuses on narrow aspects of regulation. In contrast, this paper develops a broader, integrat...