This paper integrates pricing and replenishment decisions for the following prototypical two-echelon distribution system with deterministic demands. A supplier distributes a single product to multiple retailers, who in turn sell it to consumers. The retailers serve geographically dispersed, heterogeneous markets. The demand in each retail market arrives continuously at a constant rate, which is...

We consider a supply chain, which consists of N retailers and one supplier. The retailers may be coordinated through replenishment strategies and lateral transshipments, that is, movement of a product among the locations at the same echelon level. Transshipment quantities may be limited, however, due to the physical constraints of the transportation media or due to the reluctance of retailers t...

a r t i c l e i n f o Context: Price discounts are common retail promotional tools that are defined by their size and duration. Consumers possess a general schema in which they believe that retailers are motivated to associate larger price discounts with shorter durations and smaller price discounts with longer durations. However, factors influencing promotion management frequently lead retaile...

We study a newsvendor game with transshipments, in which n retailers face a stochastic demand for an identical product. Before the demand is realized, each retailer independently orders her initial inventory. After the demand is realized, the retailers select an optimal transshipment pattern and ship residual inventories in order to meet residual demands. Unsold inventories are salvaged at the ...

Supply chain network design in perishable product has become a challenging task due to its short life time, spoilage of product in degradation nature and stochastic market demand. This paper focused on designing and optimizing model for perishable product in stochastic demand, which comprises multiple levels from producer, local collector, wholesaler and retailers. The ultimate goal is to optim...

Manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers in the distribution chain can be seen as Community of Core Knowledge Practitioners (CoCKPs) working together towards making profit, satisfying and meeting the needs of consumers of finished goods or products. Retailers through business transactions deal directly with the end users and are seen to better understand consumer behavior particularly in line w...

The distribution network design problem for an automobile company in China is investigated. Through optimizing the location of the distribution centers and allocation of retailers to distribution centers or plants, the total profit for the automobile company is maximized. The demand is assumed to be sensitive to the lead time and a Linear Integer Programming model is proposed to formulate the p...

Rapid changes in technology can have a sudden and differential impact on cost components of variants within product lines such as computers, printers, digital cameras and cellular phones. How should retailers react to such changes? We address this issue by answering three questions. First, when the costs of specific product components change (perhaps, precipitously), how should retailers adapt ...

We study competition in a supply chain where multiple manufacturers compete in quantities to supply a set of products to multiple risk-averse retailers who compete in quantities to satisfy the uncertain consumer demand. For the symmetric supply chain, we give closed-form expressions for the unique equilibrium. We find that, provided there is a sufficiently large number of manufacturers and reta...