From 1995 to 1998, more than 90 percent of mid-range IPOs were charged underwriter fees, or spreads, of exactly seven percent, even though evidence suggests that economies of scale in the size of the offering should allow for lower fees. Chen and Ritter (2000) offer collusion as a possible explanation based on empirical analysis and observation. Alternatively, we investigate whether the spreads...

this experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of different substrate on growth and yield of gerbera flower. the experiment was performed using 10 treatments as fallow: fine sand, peat +fine sand (%25+%75), peat + fine sand ( %50 +%50), perlite + peat (%75 + %25), perlite + peat (%50 + %50), perlite + peat (%25 + %75), perlite + peat + expanded clay (%25 + %70 + %5), perlite + peat +...

Saltation is an important geological process and the primary source of atmospheric mineral dust aerosols. Unfortunately, no studies to date have been able to precisely reproduce the saltation process because of the simplified theoretical models used. For example, sand particles in most of the existing wind sand movement models are considered to be spherical, the effects of the sand shape on the...

Sand coverings account for a large part of the cost of a project. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of different coatings for filtration of underground drains and reduce the cost of cornfield farms. The experiments were carried out in farm in Salman Farsi. The subsoil drainage was fitted to each test piece with a length of 120 meters, a diameter of 100 mm, and a distance ...

Aerification and topdressing are important cultural management practices that help prevent organic matter accumulation soil compaction in golf greens. However, these result surface disruption decreased putting quality during recovery. A 2-year study was conducted on a ‘TifEagle’ hybrid bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis ) green to determine the effect of different aerification ...

Unlike green sand, chemically bonded sand cannot be used again and again without reclamation because in this system, the mixed sand gets it`s strength through chemical reaction which is irreversible in nature. Each sand particle is coated with this reacted chemical, which behaves like an inert element after usage once. This inert coating also called “Dead” binder needs to be removed from the us...

We present an interactive sand art drawing system using one RGB-D sensor, such as Kinect. Our system supports the common sand drawing functions, such as sand erosion, sand spilling, and sand leaking. To use hands to draw virtual sand on a drawing plane, we design four key gestures which enable drawing manipulation actions for sand. The basic idea is that the gesture of one hand controls the dra...

I magine a society with perfect economic equality. Perhaps out of sheer coincidence, the supply and demand for different types of labor happen to produce an equilibrium in which everyone earns exactly the same income. As a result, no one worries about the gap between the rich and poor, and no one debates to what extent public policy should make income redistribution a priority. Because people e...