Sleep must serve an essential, universal function, one that offsets the risk of being disconnected from the environment. The synaptic homeostasis hypothesis (SHY) is an attempt to identify this essential function. Its core claim is that sleep is needed to reestablish synaptic homeostasis, which is challenged by the remarkable plasticity of the brain. In other words, sleep is "the price we pay f...

Shy-Drager syndrome is an uncommon disorder in which the patient experiences progressive autonomic failure. It is a multisystem degenerative disease that involves the central autonomic, cerebellar, basal ganglia, pyramidal, or spinal motor neurons. The mean age of onset is 55 years. A male predominance is noted, with a 2 or 3:1 ratio. About 11 percent of patients with orthostatic hypotension ha...

Existing research suggests shy people may satisfy their affiliation needs through computerized forms of communication such as instant messaging (IM). Fifty-five undergraduates completed an IM use index, the Cheek and Buss (1981) shyness scale and a motives for IM use scale developed for this study. It was found that the strongest motives for IM use were to increase personal contact as opposed t...

This paper faces the problem of answering conjunctive queries over Datalog programs allowing existential quantifiers in rule heads. Such an extension of Datalog is highly expressive, enables easy yet powerful ontology-modelling, but leads to undecidable query answering in general. To overcome undecidability, we first define Shy, a subclass of Datalog with existential quantifiers preserving not ...

Abstract Dense hydrous magnesium silicates (DHMSs) with large water contents and wide stability fields are a potential H2O reservoir in the deep Earth. Al-bearing superhydrous phase B (shy-B) wider field than Al-free counterpart can play an important role understanding transport Earth’s transition zone topmost lower mantle. In this study, nominally two different shy-B samples 0.47(2) 1.35(4) Al...

In this study, we investigated the phase stability of Al-free and Al-bearing superhydrous B (shy-B) up to 55 GPa 2500 K. comparison with shy-B, incorporation 11.7 wt.% Al2O3 in shy-B expands by ∼400-800 K at 20-30 GPa. The determined dehydration boundary for D indicates that it could be present even normal mantle geotherm conditions 30-40 Up 23.8 mol.% can dissolved into structures akimotoite b...

Physical mechanisms involved in directional hearing are investigated in two species of short-horned grasshoppers that differ in body length by a factor of 3­4. The directional cues (the effects of the direction of sound incidence on the amplitude and phase angle of the sounds at the ears) are more pronounced in the larger animal, but the scaling is not simple. At high frequencies (10­20...

Throughout the history of sleep research, many theories have been put forward in an attempt to explain the function of the state of sleep. The most popular and well-accepted theory among sleep researchers today is that sleep plays an important role in learning and memory by affecting mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. At the present time, there are two main competing views regarding how sleep a...