in during contemporary, its few of artists for numerous changes in artistic creation who have cared to reproduce some special symbols. in fact, these symbols are minor contain to the beliefs, cultures and values of people in the country. one of the most important artists is jazeh tabatabaie, painter and sculptor, devoting significant share to review of symbols. he recreated some of the symbols ...

The flow of Marxism was one of the most powerful social-political currents of the Pahlavi opposition which, despite the progress of political upheavals and internal splits, reached the threshold of the Islamic Revolution. One of the main reasons for the success of this flow, compared to other rival currents, was the presence of numerous symbols in the context of this adventure. The symbols of t...

We report on investigations into hierarchical phrase-based translation grammars based on rules extracted from posterior distributions over alignments of the parallel text. Rather than restrict rule extraction to a single alignment, such as Viterbi, we instead extract rules based on posterior distributions provided by the HMM word-to-word alignment model. We define translation grammars progressi...

We investigate the complexity of a variety of normal-form transformations for extended context-free grammars, where by extended we mean that the set of right-hand sides for each nonterminal in such a grammar is a regular set. The study is motivated by the implementation project GraMa which will provide a C++ toolkit for the symbolic manipulation of context-free objects just as Grail does for re...

In this paper we describe the usage of the syntactic parser synt (developed in the NLP Centre at Masaryk University) to gain information about syntactic structures (such as noun or verb phrases) of common sentences in Czech. These structures are from the analysis point of view usually identical to nonterminals in the grammar used by the parser to find possible valid derivations of the given sen...

We investigate a new type of finite copying parallel rewriting system, i.e., grammars with linked nonterminals, which extend the generative capacity of context-free grammars. They can be thought of as having sentential forms where some instances of a nonterminal may be linked. The context-free-like productions replace a nonterminal together with its connected instances. New links are only estab...

The present paper introduces and discusses generalized scattered context grammars that are based upon sequences of productions whose left-hand sides are formed by nonterminal strings, not just single nonterminals. It places two restrictions on the derivations in these grammars. More specifically, let k be a positive integer. The first restriction requires that all rewritten symbols occur within...

The developments in the theory of languages and automata in recent years have been towards defining and studying new grammars, automata and languages, abstract families of automata, languages, translations, and so on. In spite of this fact, the central position of regular sets and context-free languages (CFL's) in the theory of languages remains, and so one can still expect their further study ...

Article history: Received 29 June 2007 Revised 16 February 2008 Available online 7 June 2008 We introduce locally stratified Boolean grammars, a natural subclass of Boolean grammars with many desirable properties. Informally, if a grammar is locally stratified then the set of all pairs of the form (nonterminal, string) of the grammar can be mapped to a (possibly infinite) set of strata so as th...