We establish a semantics for building grammars from a modularised specification in which modules are able to delete productions from imported nonterminals. Modules have import lists of nonterminals; some or all of an imported nonterminal’s productions may be suppressed at import time. There are two basic import mechanisms which (a) reference or (b) clone an imported nonterminal’s productions. O...

We present an automatic approach to tree annotation in which basic nonterminal symbols are alternately split and merged to maximize the likelihood of a training treebank. Starting with a simple Xbar grammar, we learn a new grammar whose nonterminals are subsymbols of the original nonterminals. In contrast with previous work, we are able to split various terminals to different degrees, as approp...

Let G be a finite extensive form game with perfect information and chance moves, referred to here as a game. Fix a set of players N = {1, 2, ..., n} and a set of histories H, such that the root history ∅ ∈ H and, for any a = (a1, ..., at−1, at) ∈ H, (a1, ..., at−1) ∈ H. The set of terminal histories is Z ⊂ H, and the player assignment function identifies a subset of players (or Nature) at each ...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of physical examination in decision making for exploring patients with penetrating zone II neck injury. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study being performed in a level I trauma center between 2006 and 2010. The present study reviewed the records of 150 patients with penetrating neck injuries. Of 46 cases with zone II deep platysma neck injuries, 3 patients d...