This paper presents a novel solution method for joint energy and Spinning Reserve (SR) dispatch problem. In systems in which the Lost Opportunity Cost (LOC) should be paid to generators, if the LOC is not considered in the dispatch problem, the results may differ from the truly optimum solution. Since the LOC is a non-differentiable function, including it in the formulation makes the problem so...

A host of technologies has been developed to achieve these aims of the smart grid. Some of these technologies include plug-in electric vehicle, demand response program, energy storage system and renewable distributed generation. However, the integration of the smart grid technologies in the power system operation studies such as economic emission unit commitment problem causes two major challen...

One of the significant strategies of the power systems is Economic Dispatch (ED) problem, which is defined as the optimal generation of power units to produce energy at the lowest cost by fulfilling the demand within several limits. The undeniable impacts of ramp rate limits, valve loading, prohibited operating zone, spinning reserve and multi-fuel option on the economic dispatch of practical p...

Resetve requirements have been part of the regulatory apparatus of banking in the United States for more than 150 years. Currently, however , more than half of all depository institutions are exempt from the regulation, and a growing number of others meet their requirements with voluntary holdings of vault cash. In searching for a contemporary rationale for reserve requirements, the author find...

Recent developments in graphene oxide fibre (GO) processing include exciting demonstrations of hand woven textile structures. However, it is uncertain whether the fibres produced can meet the processing requirements of conventional textile manufacturing. This work reports for the first time the production of highly flexible and tough GO fibres that can be knitted using textile machinery. The GO...

This paper integrates Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization (DPSO) and Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) to propose a DPSO-SQP method for solving unit commitment problems ancillary services. Through analysis of services, including Automatic Generation Control (AGC), Real Spinning Reserve (RSR), Supplemental (SR), the cost model was developed. With requirements energy balance, operating cons...