Background: The Monte Carlo (MC) method is not only used for dose calculations around brachytherapy sources but also for benchmarking treatment planning systems (TPS) calculations. Materials and Methods: Three 60Co sources of GZP6 brachytherapy unit were simulated using MCNP4C MC Code. The radial dose functions were calculated by MC method and GZP6 TPS and were compared. Results: There was a go...

Papers published in Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions are under open-access review for the journal Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Abstract This paper presents a case study to estimate peak discharges of extreme flood events of Neckar River in southwestern Germany during the 19th century. It was carried out within the BMBF research project RIMAX (Risk Management of Extreme Flo...

First principle calculations were performed using Density functional theory within the local spin density approximation (LSDA) to understand the electronic properties of Au(100)+TBT system and compare the results with Au(100) and bulk Au properties. Band structure, the total DOS and charge density for these materials are calculated. We found that the HOMO for Au(100)+TBT becomes broader than Au...

Introduction: Computerized treatment planning is a rapidly evolving modality that depends on hardware and software efficiency. Despite ICRU recommendations suggesting 5% deviation in dose delivery the overall uncertainty shall be less than 3.5% as suggested by B.J. Minjnheer. J. In house spreadsheets are developed by the medical physicists to cross-verify the dose calculated by the Treatment Pl...

Background: Accurate dose calculations in small beamlets and lung material have been a great challenge for most of treatment planning systems (TPS).  In the current study, the dose calculation accuracy of TiGRT TPS was evaluated for small beamlets in water and lung phantom by comparison to Monte Carlo (MC) calculations. Materials and Methods: The head of Siemens Oncor-impression linac...

In this article, we explore how presidential risk orientations affect force employment decisions through an analysis of the use of unmanned weaponry during the Bush and Obama administrations. We hypothesize that the conception of risk plays an integral part in this choice of weaponry. In order to examine our hypothesis, we utilize the verbs-in-context system of operational code analysis to quan...

the thermodynamic functions such as enthalpy (h), gibbs free energy (g) and entropy (s) ofpyrazole was theoretically studied at 5 different temperatures 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45°c by usinggussian o3, software. first, the structural optimization of isolated pyrazole was done in the gas phaseby appling the density functional theory (b3lyp) level with 3-21g, 6-31g and 6-31+g(d) basissets. moreover, v...

Owing to environmentally-destructive impact of aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene, benzene ethyl, toluene, and xylenes or BTEXs, these materials are classified as hazardous pollutants in the air. This study studies cancer and non-cancer risk in District 12 of Tehran Municipality, through these components for two groups of employees or storekeepers and gas station customers. By measuring pol...