the present research was an attempt to provide new evidence for the efficacy of task-based techniques to speaking proficiency development. the primary focus of the study was to investigate the effects of task-based techniques on speaking proficiency development. in the second place, it tried to scrutinize the effect of gender on speaking proficiency development under task-based principles of la...

many studies have been carried out and many methods have been used for estimating health staff re-quirements in health facilities or system, each have different advantages and disadvantages. differences in the extent to which utilization matches needs in different conditions intensify the limitations of each approach when used in iso-lation. is the utilization-based approach efficient in a situ...

Self-assessment and task-based assessment have recently attracted attention in language learning and testing contexts worldwide; however, little research has been carried out to document the link between these notions. The present research was an attempt to investigate the connection between task-free/task-based self-assessment and learners’ self-perceived communicative competence in speaking. ...

this study builds on laufer and hulstijn’s (2001) motivational-cognitive construct of task-induced involvement in learning vocabulary and addresses itself to its strong claim that the depth of processing is the overriding factor in learning words. the paper first re-examines the effect of processing load and then of task type on the initial learning and retention of words. to do so, 60 efl lear...

Developing reading comprehension ability is an important aspect in acquisition of a language. The  present  study  focused  on  improving  reading  comprehension  ability  through  Task-based Instruction  (TBI).  TBI  is  a  methodology  that  develops  from  a  focus  on  classroom  tasks.  The participants of the study were 135 Iranian female students at different levels selected from high sc...

the purpose of this research was to analyze efl writing tasks in the most popular esol (english for speakers of other languages) exam preparation courses in iran: ielts, toefl, fce and cae. having collected the criteria of writing task appropriateness in light of the process-oriented approach to writing instruction, 114 learner participants were asked to rate efl writing tasks based on a checkl...

The main purpose of the present exploration was to see if EAP syllabuses have been developed based on reading comprehension needs of undergraduate students. To this end, 656 undergraduate students, 75 graduate students, 150 post-graduate students, 75 content teachers and 30 EAP teachers of fifteen randomly selected academic disciplines filled in a needs analysis questionnaire. To triangulate th...

Computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools are automated devices capable of generating complicated and intricate product shapes in shorter time. Selection of the best CNC machine tool is a critical, complex and time-consuming task due to availability of a wide range of alternatives and conflicting nature of several evaluation criteria. Although, the past researchers had attempted to select ...