soil erosion is a serious problem especially in northern parts of iran. one themost important side effects on soil erosion may be the decline in qualities of soil refers toagricultural productivity. so it is very important to assess the soil erosion risk for thesustainable development of agriculture. this study outlines ways undertaken to provide anew tool to manage water erosion from physical ...

In a supplier-retailer-buyer supply chain, the supplier frequently offers the retailer a trade credit of  periods, and the retailer in turn provides a trade credit of  periods to her/his buyer to stimulate sales and reduce inventory. From the seller’s perspective, granting trade credit increases sales and revenue but also increases opportunity cost (i.e., the capital opportunity loss during cre...

This chapter describes the integrated security verification and security solution design trade-off analysis (SVDT) approach. SVDT is useful when there is a diverse set of requirements imposed upon a security critical system, such as a required security level, time-to-market and budget constraints and end users’ expectations. Balancing these needs requires developers to evaluate alternative secu...

We consider the problem of communicating quantum states by simultaneously making use of a noiseless classical channel, a noiseless quantum channel, and shared entanglement. We specifically study the version of the problem in which the sender is given knowledge of the state to be communicated. In this setting, a trade-off arises between the three resources, some portions of which have been inves...

Evolutionary studies often assume that energy is the primary resource (i.e. "currency") at the heart of the survival-reproduction trade-off, despite recent evidence to the contrary. The evolutionary consequences of having a single trade-off currency versus multiple competing currencies are unknown. Using simulations, we modeled the evolution of either a single physiological currency between rep...