Educators often employ various training techniques to reduce raters’ subjectivity. Negotiation is a technique which can assist novice raters to co-construct a shared understanding of the writing assessment when rating collaboratively. There is little research, however, on rating behaviors of novice raters while employing negotiation techniques and the effect of negotiation on their understandin...

sayyed mortaza is one of the noble imami scholors in 4-5th century and an specialist in some different islamic disciplines such as fegh, kalam, tafsir. he believed the preference of reason in explaining and criticizing of the traditions. this article addresses his views on relation of reason and narration. he uses reason to criticize and interpret narrations. reason in his view has an independe...

This is a revised and expanded version of the plenary speech given by the first author at the JALTCALL 2011 conference held in June 2011 in Kurume, Japan. Visual-syntactic text formatting uses natural language processing techniques to parse sentences and present them in a way that highlights meaning. Specifically, VSTF breaks sentences up at salient clause and phrase boundaries, fits each row o...

Prepositions name spatial relationships (e.g., book on a table), but also abstract, non-spatial relationships (e.g., Jordan is on a roll)—raising the question of how the abstract uses relate to the concrete spatial uses. The two most frequently extended prepositions are in and on, and there has been no consensus about what aspects of spatial meaning they retain when used abstractly. We propose ...

The semantic annotation of dialogue corpora permits building efficient language understanding applications for supporting enjoyable and effective human-machine interactions. Nevertheless, the annotation process could be costly, time-consuming and complicated, particularly the more expressive is the semantic formalism. In this work, we propose a bootstrapping architecture for the semantic annota...

We consider first order modal logic C firstly defined by Carnap in “Meaning and Necessity” [1]. We prove elimination of nested modalities for this logic, which gives additionally the Skolem-Löwenheim theorem for C. We also evaluate the degree of unsolvability for C, by showing that it is exactly 0′. We compare this logic with the logics of Henkin quantifiers, Σ1 logic, and SO. We also shortly d...

The need to solve the key problems related to Big Data in a practical and effective way is becoming very important as the data is growing very fast already exceeding the exabyte range. There are multiple problems with big data including storage, search, transfer, sharing, analysis, processing, viewing, and deriving meaning / semantics. Such problems are mainly due to the 4 Vs i.e. Volume, Veloc...