Withdrawal is an essential component of classical addiction theory; it is a vital manifestation of dependence and motivates relapse. However, the traditional conceptualization of withdrawal as a cohesive collection of symptoms that emerge during drug deprivation and decline with either the passage of time or reinstatement of drug use, may be inadequate to explain scientific findings or fit with...

Are benzodiazepines and anticonvulsants effective for patient with alcohol withdrawal symptoms？(Are anticonvulsants more effective than benzodiazepines？) P: alcohol withdrawal I: benzodiazepines and anticonvulsants C: placebo or active placebo O: prevent or relief alcohol symptoms (ex: delirium, seizure) , prevent re-intake alcohol 關鍵字(Key words): (alcohol withdrawal and benzodiazepine) (alcoho...

The tail-elicited siphon withdrawal reflex (TSW) has been a useful preparation in which to study learning and memory in Aplysia. However, comparatively little is known about the neural circuitry that translates tail sensory input (via the P9 nerves to the pleural ganglion) to final reflex output by siphon motor neurons (MNs) in the abdominal ganglion. To address this question, we examined the f...