We discuss session types independently of any programming language. We then embody the notion in languages from three different paradigms: the pi calculus, a functional language, and an object-oriented language.

background :cytotoxic t lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (ctla-4) is an important negative regulator of t-cell responses. the -1722tc polymorphism of the ctla-4 gene may be associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) risk, but related results from previous studies have been inconsistent. we carried out a meta-analysis to assess this association more precisely.   methods : a systematic sea...

Subproblems have become an important object of NP-completeness theory since its beginning. In this paper, we show some undesirable consequences for subproblems deduced by the standard foundation of the theory, which are different from the practical viewpoint of computation. By the consequences, we clarify further the range in which the standard foundation is applicable to decision problems.

The concept of model transformations is of increasing importance in different areas of Computer Science, but up to now, there is a lack of common understanding concerning the mathematical and practical point of view. In this paper, we discuss some of the different aspects. Especially interesting is the new proposal of the POPL’07 keynote speaker Don Batory claiming that model transformations sh...

Railway optimization problems have been studied from a mathematical programming perspective for decades. This approach is particularly well suited to model the multitude of constraints that typically arises in the context of a railway system. In recent years, these problems have attracted some attention in the algorithms community, with a focus on individual problem aspects, in an attempt to un...