Herbivorous insects are characterized by a great diversity of host plant associations, yet, the processes driving host range evolution are not fully understood. When herbivores encounter a novel host, local selection pressures are expected to shape traits that mediate plant–insect interactions. I show that a leafmining fly, Amauromyza flavifrons (Meigen) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), suffers a profou...

Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) is a member of the genus Benyvirus (21,22) and causes the disease known as rhizomania. It often is reported to be the most important sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) virus (17). BNYVV is transmitted by the plasmodiophorid, Polymyxa betae Keskin (1,2,6). In the United States, the virus first was identified in California in 1984 (5) but now occurs in every maj...

Beta vulgaris genus comprises wild and cultivated subspecies. The “maritima” subspecies is formed by wild or weedy accessions, well adapted to low-water potential environments; it was previously shown that B. vulgaris ssp. maritima has mechanisms of osmotic adjustment more effective than the cultivated B. vulgaris ssp. vulgaris. The response to a progressive lowering of soil potential was compa...

BACKGROUND In the food industry, the use of pectinase preparations with high pectin esterase (PE) activity leads to the release of methanol, which is strictly regulated in food products. Herein, a pectin-degrading enzyme (PDE) complex exhibiting low PE activity of three Aspergillus sojae ATCC 20235 mutants (M3, DH56 and Guserbiot 2.230) was investigated. Production of exo-/endo-polygalacturonas...

in order to study the possibility of control of heterodera schachtii  in sugarbeet fields through integration of rotation with non- host crops and resistant catch crops and their effects on quantitative and qualitative traits of sugarbeet, this study was started from 2002 for three years in esfahan province. the experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block design with eight treat...

Exopolysaccharides (EPS) from P.fluorescens was produced using sucrose and sugarcane molasses as the carbon substrates at different concentrations (1-7%), at different incubation time (12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hr). The extraction was carried out using ethanol precipitation technique. The lyophilized samples were analysed for its total carbohydrates content. The predominant sugar was found to b...