Stream ciphers play an important role in symmetric cryptology because of their suitability in high speed applications where block ciphers fall short. A large number of fast stream ciphers or pseudorandom bit generators (PRBGs) can be found in the literature that are based on arrays and simple operations such as modular additions, rotations and memory accesses (e.g. RC4, RC4A, Py, Py6, ISAAC etc...

The relationship of macromolecular structure to biological activity will be understood in its totality only when complete structural determinations of representative macromolecules have been made. But even then, as now, a variety of physicoand biochemical methods will necessarily be brought to bear on such problems as the nature of the forces which determine and maintain structural integrity an...

Use of the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) and associated Cas9 enzyme for genome editing has been a major technological breakthrough, making genome modification in cells or organisms faster, more efficient, and more robust than previous genome editing methods. The Alt-RTM CRISPR-Cas9 System is an optimized genome editing solution that outperforms other CRISPR ...

Dear Editor, Recently, zinc finger nuclease, transcription activator-like effector nuclease, and RNA-guided Cas9 endonuclease (Cas9) have emerged as powerful means for genome editing (Conklin, 2013; Gaj et al., 2013). These nucleases are efficient in generating double-strand breaks in the genome that can be repaired by error-prone nonhomologous end joining leading to a functional knockout (KO) ...

Targeted genome engineering has been instrumental for the study of biological processes, and it holds great promise for the treatment of disease. Historically, gene targeting by homologous recombination has been the preferred method to modify specific genes in mouse and human cells (Fig. 1). However, this approach is hampered by low efficiency, the requirement for drug selection to detect targe...

Dear Editor, Recently, engineered endonucleases, such as Zinc-Finger Nucleases (ZFNs) (Carroll, 2011), Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs) (Mahfouz et al., 2011; Li et al., 2012), and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-associated (Cas) systems (Cong et al., 2013) have been successfully used for gene editing in a variety of species. These syst...

To take into account the experience feedback on solving complex problems in business is deemed as a way to improve the quality of products and processes. Only a few academic works, however, are concerned with the representation and the instrumentation of experience feedback systems. We propose, in this paper, a model of experiences and mechanisms to use these experiences. More specifically, we ...