These experiments examined the effects of pre-test intra dorsal hippocampus (intra-CA1) administration of GABAA receptor agonist and antagonist, muscimol and bicuculline respectively, on state-dependent learning induced by lithium. Male NMRI mice were trained in a one-trial step-down inhibitory avoidance task, and immediately after training they received IP injections of either saline (10 mL/kg...

this study was designed to examine the effects of intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of ketanserin(5-ht2a receptor antagonist) and sb242084 (5-ht2c receptor antagonist) on harmaline induced feeding anddrinking response in 24-h food-deprived (fd24) broiler cockerels. at first, guide cannula was surgicallyimplanted in the right lateral ventricle of chickens. in experiment 1, birds were injec...

Introduction: Drugs of abuse such as nicotine and morphine used systemically by addicts produce their effects via the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway. Furthermore, evidence indicates that some behavioral effects of nicotine and morphine are mediated by nitric oxide (NO). Based on these observations, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of intra-nucleus accumbens (NAc) ...

This study was conducted to investigate the possible involvement of the histaminergic system in themediation of ghrelin-induced feeding behavior in broiler chickens. In the trial 1, the effect ofintracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of ghrelin on feed intake was examined in 3-h feed-deprived broilerchickens. In the trials 2 and 3, the chickens were received ICV chlorpheniramine (an H1 recepto...

Organophosphate pesticides are considered as endocrine disruptors that interfere with reproductive functions. The corpus luteum (CL) is a transient endocrine gland that produces progesterone, a crucial hormone for a successful beginning and maintenance of pregnancy. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) facilitates the rate-limiting transfer of cholesterol from the outer mitochondrial m...

Background: Various additives have been evaluated for the purpose of enhancing quality analgesia and prolonging duration spinal anesthesia. Aims Objectives: This randomized study was conducted to evaluate efficacy intravenous dexamethasone in Materials Methods: A total 100 patients scheduled lower segment cesarean section under anesthesia were randomly allocated into two groups, Group-1 Group-2...

PURPOSE To investigate the mechanisms underpinning modifications in glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity 24 h after a bout of resistance exercise (RE) with or without protein ingestion. METHODS Twenty-four healthy males were assigned to a control (CON; n = 8), exercise (EX; n = 8) or exercise plus protein condition (EX+PRO; n = 8). Muscle biopsy and blood samples were obtained at rest ...

BACKGROUND Cytoskeletal structures, in particular actin and tubulin, provide a fundamental framework in all cells, including embryos. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of nicotine, which is a source of oxidative stress, and subsequent supplementation with Tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) on actin and tubulin of 2- and 8-cell murine embryos. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty femal...