Insurance claims have deductibles, which must be considered when pricing for insurance premium. Deductibles may cause censoring and truncation to the frequencies, severities, and peril types of observed insurance claims. In practice, the regression approach is often used with deductible amount included as an explanatory variable inside a frequency-severity model, so that the resulting coefficie...

Nutrient enrichment of water resources has degraded coastal waters throughout the world, including in the United States (e.g., Chesapeake Bay, Gulf of Mexico, and Neuse Estuary). Agricultural nonpoint sources have significant impacts on water resources. As a result, nutrient management planning is the primary tool recommended to reduce nutrient losses from agricultural fields. Its effectiveness...

BACKGROUND As healthcare spending continues to increase, medical insurance is now under great pressure of growing economic burden. To control the excessive growth of medical expenditure, change of medical payment system was clearly put forward in China's new healthcare reform. With this end, Tianjin, a large city in North China, is now exploring to replace traditional fee-for-service (FFS) with...

abstract agriculture activity is obvious type of unsafely and risky activities that this part had dealt with lack of trast about amount of production and price as unpleasant atmosphere phenomona, calamities, kind of plant diseases and change in prices. insurance is one of important cases for decreasing risk in agriculture. the main of this research is consideration crop insurance’s affect on op...