Condensation and evaporation modify the properties and effects of atmospheric aerosol particles. We studied the evaporation of aqueous succinic acid and succinic acid/ammonium sulfate droplets to obtain insights on the effect of ammonium sulfate on the gas/particle partitioning of atmospheric organic acids. Droplet evaporation in a laminar flow tube was measured in a Tandem Differential Mobilit...

Entanglement entropy is often speculated as a strong candidate for the origin of the black-hole entropy. To judge whether this speculation is true or not, it is effective to investigate the whole structure of thermodynamics obtained from the entanglement entropy, rather than just to examine the apparent structure of the entropy alone or to compare it with that of the black hole entropy. It is b...

1. Integrating Epistemology of Thermodynamics and of Biological Evolutionary Systems 1.1 Entropy and Biological Evolution 1.2 Biosphere, Entropy, and Dissipative Structures 2. Thermodynamics of Ecosystems and of Biological Evolution 2.1 The Time Paradox: Towards an Evolutionary Thermodynamics 2.2 Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics 3. Towards an Evolutionary Physics 3.1 A New Concept: Ecodynamics 4....

Finite-time thermodynamics is the extension of traditional reversible thermodynamics to include the extra requirement that the process in question goes to completion in a specified finite length of time. As such it is by definition a branch of irreversible thermodynamics, but unlike most other versions of irreversible thermodynamics, finite-time thermodynamics does not require or assume any kno...

Nitrogen pressure during melting can be a basis for the most general classification of steels alloyed by nitrogen. are made under normal pressure, and high-nitrogen being higher atmospheric in special units. Nitrogen, as well carbon, strengthens increases thermal stability austenite. The smaller size nitrogen ion compared with carbon results nitrides, lower surface energy strengthening effect, ...

The combination of pressure swing adsorption (PSA) with a downstream redox chemical looping cycle to remove trace oxygen is proposed for the production high-purity nitrogen from atmospheric air. non-stoichiometric perovskite SrFeO3?? selected because its favourable thermodynamics, rapid oxidation kinetics and intermediate reduction temperatures. Long term stability material was demonstrated ove...

During the past 30 years, research in general relativity has brought to light strong hints of a very deep and fundamental relationship between gravitation, thermodynamics, and quantum theory. The most striking indication of such a relationship comes from black hole thermodynamics, where it appears that certain laws of black hole mechanics are, in fact, simply the ordinary laws of thermodynamics...

Quantum thermodynamics addresses the emergence of thermodynamic laws from quantum mechanics. The viewpoint advocated is based on the intimate connection of quantum thermodynamics with the theory of open quantum systems. Quantum mechanics inserts dynamics into thermodynamics, giving a sound foundation to finite-time-thermodynamics. The emergence of the 0-law, I-law, II-law and III-law of thermod...

15.1. The First Law of Thermodynamics • Define the first law of thermodynamics. • Describe how conservation of energy relates to the first law of thermodynamics. • Identify instances of the first law of thermodynamics working in everyday situations, including biological metabolism. • Calculate changes in the internal energy of a system, after accounting for heat transfer and work done. 15.2. Th...