Keratin is a fibrous and recalcitrant protein found in feathers, nails, horns, hooves, the epidermis of skin. The presence high degree disulfide bonds, hydrogen hydrophobic interactions makes them resistant to mechanical stress are not degraded by common proteases such as trypsin, pepsin, papain. Due slow degradation keratinous protein, accumulation solid wastes from poultry, slaughterhouse, te...

Polysaccharides are polymers of carbohydrates with an enormous structural diversity, from long linear repetition of the same monomer to highly branched structures of different sugars. This high structural diversity reflects the functional diversity of these molecules. There are two types of polysaccharides, storage polysaccharides (i.e. glycogen) and structural polysaccharides, which are normal...

Research in bioelectronics studies biological systems and materials in combination with electronic interfaces for the development of devices, e.g., for medical applications, drug and toxicity tests, and biotechnology in general. Neural implants and pacemakers are examples of products developed from this area of research. Conducting polymers such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) bridg...

Carbonic anhydrases are ubiquitous metallo-enzymes which catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide in bicarbonate ions and protons. Recent years have seen an increasing interest in the utilization of these enzymes in CO2 capture and storage processes. However, since this use is greatly limited by the harsh conditions required in these processes, the employment of thermostable enzymes,...