Several studies have suggested that large-diameter (>25 μm) arterio-venous shunt pathways exist in the lungs of rats, dogs, and humans. We investigated the nature of these pathways by infusing specific-diameter fluorescent latex particles (4, 7, 15, 30, or 50 μm) into isolated, ventilated rat lungs perfused at constant pressure. All lungs received the same mass of latex (5 mg), which resulted i...

PURPOSE Glare problems originating from bright lights are generally experienced more strongly at night. The typical disability glare is known to result from retinal straylight. In this study, the effects of pupil diameter and, especially in the case of small pupils, of eye wall translucency on the amount of retinal straylight were investigated. METHODS Straylight was measured as a function of...

Using density functional theory, the electronic structures of single walled molybdenum disulfide nanotubes (MoS$_2$ NTs) were investigated as a function diameter. Our calculations show that structure near band gap is sensitive to NT diameter: armchair MoS$_2$ NTs act indirect semiconductors for diameters up approximately 5.0 nm, while with larger direct edges located in vicinity $k = 2\pi/3$. T...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Globally, conifer dominance is restricted to nutient-poor habitats in colder, drier or waterlogged environments, probably due to competition with angiosperms. Analysis of canopy structure is important for understanding the mechanism of plant coexistence in relation to competition for light. Most conifers are shade intolerant, and often have narrow, deep, conical crowns. In t...

Despite the introduction of selenic acid for anodic porous alumina (APA) preparation with small nanopore diameters (< 20 nm), no attempt has been made to use it in fabrication small-diameter magnetic and metallic nanowire arrays. In this paper, considering high cost acid, attempted initially oxalic an ordered pattern first anodization step then employ second by matching appropriate voltage. By ...

Difficult access to 40-m-tall emergent trees in tropical rainforests has resulted in a lack of data related to vertical variations in wood CO2 efflux, even though significant variations in wood CO2 efflux are an important source of errors when estimating whole-tree total wood CO2 efflux. This study aimed to clarify vertical variations in wood CO2 efflux for emergent trees and to document the im...

Molecular Dynamics simulations of a coarse-grained bead-spring model of flexible macromolecules tethered with one end to the surface of a cylindrical pore are presented. Chain length N and grafting density σ are varied over a wide range and the crossover from “mushroom” to “brush” behavior is studied for three pore diameters. The monomer density profile and the distribution of the free chain en...